Korean Anarchist Network

 

 

¾Æ·¡±ÛÀº ¾Æ³ªÅ°Áò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¿ÀÇصéÀ» ±½Àº ±Û¾¾Ã¼¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î Çϳª Çϳª ¹àÈ÷°í ±×¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ½±°íµµ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ ¹Ý¹ÚÀ» °¡ÇÑ ±ÛÀÌ´Ù. »ù ´Þ°íÇÁ (Sam Dolgoff) ÀÇ 1986³â Ã¥ "Fragments: A Memoir" ¿¡¼­ °¡Á®¿Í ¾à°ñÀÌ ¹ø¿ªÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¿µ¾î¿ø¹®Àº ¼ö¸¹Àº ¾Æ³ªÅ°Áò °ü·Ã ÀÚ·áµéÀÌ ÀúÀåµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ ÀÎÅͳÝÀÇ º¸°í "¹ÎÁßÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀÚÀ¯" ¿¡¼­ ½±°Ô ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

¹ø¿ª¿¡ °üÇÑ Áú¹®Àº ¾à°ñ¿¡°Ô ¸ÞÀÏ·Î Çϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù.

 

¾Æ³ªÅ°Áò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ÀÇصé

(À̱ÛÀº °Ç¼³ÀûÀÎ ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀÇ ±âº» ¿ø¸®µéÀ» ´Ù·ç¾ú´Ù.)

¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀº ¹«Á¶°ÇÀûÀÎ Úã-»çȸÀû °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇ´Â ¾Æ´Ï´Ù

¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀº ³²ÀÇ ±Ç¸®¸¦ ħÇØÇÏ°í, ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ Á¶Á÷°ú ÀÚÀ²(í»ëÏ, self-discipline)À» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â, ¹«Á¶°ÇÀûÀÌ°í ¹«Ã¥ÀÓÇÑ Úã-»çȸÀû °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀû ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¹«Á¶°ÇÀûÀÎ °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀû ÀÚÀ¯´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ °í¸³¹«¿øÀÇ »óÅ¿¡¼­³ª ȹµæµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù-±×·± »óÅ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ¸»ÀÌ´Ù: "ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ¹ÚÅ»ÇÏ°í ¼Ö¼±¼ö¹ü Á¤½ÅÀ» ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì¸®¸¦ ¹«·ÂÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ±× °í¸³¹«¿øÀÇ »óÅÂÀÌ´Ù."(Errico Malatesta, Life and Ideas, ¿¡¸®ÄÚ ¸»¶óÅ×½ºÅ¸, »î°ú »çÀ¯µé, Freedom Press, p. 87)

¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀº "ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î »çȸÁÖÀÇ" ȤÀº "»çȸÀû ¾Æ³ªÅ°Áò"°ú µ¿ÀǾîÀÌ´Ù. "»çȸÀû"À̶ó´Â ¸» ÀÚü°¡ ÇÔÃàÇϵí, ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀº ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î °øµ¿Ã¼»çȸ¿¡¼­ ÇÔ²² »ýÈ°ÇÏ°í Çùµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î °áÇÕÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÆóÁö; ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ ÀÚÁÖ°ü¸®; ÇÊ¿ä¿¡ µû¸¥ ºÐ¹è; ÀÚÀ¯ °áÇÕ µîÀº ¸ðµç »çȸÁÖÀÇÀû °æÇâµé¿¡¼­ »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÇ º»ÁúÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ±âº»¿øÄ¢µéÀÌ´Ù. Úã-»çȸÀû °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¾î¶»°Ô ±×¸®°í ¾ðÁ¦ ÀÌ·± ¸ñÇ¥µéÀÌ Çö½ÇÈ­µÉ °ÍÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ÀÔÀåÂ÷À̵é·ÎºÎÅÍ ½º½º·Î¸¦ Â÷º°È­½ÃÅ°±â À§Çؼ­, ÇÇÅÍ Å©·ÎÆÌŲ(Peter Kropotkin)°ú ´Ù¸¥ ¾Æ³ªÅ°½ºÆ® »ç»ó°¡µéÀº ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀ» "»çȸÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÁÂÀÍ"À¸·Î Á¤Àdz»·È´Ù. ·¯½Ã¾Æ ¾Æ³ªÅ°½ºÆ® ¾Ë·º¼¼ÀÌ º¸·ÎÆ÷ÀÌ(Alexei Borovoi)´Â ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î »çȸ¿¡¼­ ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀÇ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ Åä´ë´Â ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î Á¶Á÷¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç ¼Ò¼Ó¿øµéÀÇ Æòµî¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¼±¾ðÇÏ¿´´Ù. »çȸÀû ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀº ¼­·Î °°Áö ¾ÊÀº µ¿µîÇÑ ±Ç¸®·Î Á¤ÀÇµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀº ¹«Á¦ÇÑÀûÀÎ ÀÚÀ¯³ª Ã¥ÀÓÀÇ ºÎÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

¹ÎÁߵ鰣ÀÇ »çȸÀû °ü°èµé ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² ÀÓÀÇÀÇ »çȸÀû ±Ô¹ü, Áï ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ü°áµÈ ¾à¼ÓÀº ÀÌÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â Àǹ« °°Àº °ÍÀº ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Á®¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀº ¹«Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀº ÀÚ±â-Á¤ºÎ self-government (ȤÀº µ¿ÀǾî·Î¼­ ÀÚ±â-°ü¸® self-administration) ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ±â-Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ¹Ù´Â ÀÚÀ²ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚÀ²ÀÌ ½ÈÀ¸¸é Áö¹èÀÚµéÀÌ ÇÇÁö¹èÀڵ鿡°Ô °­¿äÇÏ´Â °­Á¦Àû º¹Á¾¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ÇÇÇϱâ À§Çؼ­, ¸ðµç ¸ðÀÓÀÇ È¸¿øµéÀº ±× ´Üü¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ±ÔÄ¢µéÀ» ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ¸¸µé°í, ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¸¸µç ±× ±ÔÄ¢µéÀ» Áöų °ÍÀ» µ¿ÀÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

(¾î¶² ¸ðÀÓ È¤Àº Á¶Á÷¿¡¼­) Å»ÅðÇÒ ±Ç¸®

ÇÕÀÇµÈ »çÇ×µéÀ» À§¹ÝÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã³¹úÀº Å»ÅðÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àý´ëÀû ±Ç¸®¿Í Á¶È­¸¦ ÀÌ·é´Ù. ±×·ìµé°ú °³ÀεéÀÌ Àڽŵ鸸ÀÇ ¸ðÀÓÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®´Â, ¹ÙÄí´Ñ¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¸ðµç Á¤Ä¡Àû ±Ç¸®µé Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ±Ç¸®¸¦ öȸÇϸé ÀüÁ¦Á¤Ä¡°¡ ºÎÈ°ÇÑ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀº °¨¿ÁÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Å»ÅðÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. Å»Åð´Â ¸ðÀÓÀ» ¹«·ÂÈ­½ÃÅ°Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¾ÐµµÀûÀÌ°í ÃÖ¿ì¼±ÀûÀ¸·Î (±× ¸ðÀÓ°ú) °øÅëÀÇ ÀÌÇØ°ü°è¸¦ °¡Áø ÀÚµéÀÌ Çù·ÂÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Å»Å𸦠ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÒ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ ¸¹Àº ÀÚµéÀº ŸÇùÇÏ¿© Â÷ÀÌÁ¡µéÀ» ó¸®ÇØ ³ª°¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× Áý´Ü°ú À¯»çÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø°Å³ª ¾ÆÁÖ ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº Å»Å𸦠Çصµ ±× ¸ðÀÓ¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± Çصµ ³¢Ä¡Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±× ¹Ý¸é¿¡, °¥µîÀÇ ¼ÒÁö¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ È­ÇÕÀ» ÁõÁø½Ãų °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¾Æ³ªÅ°Áò°ú ±¹°¡ÀÇ º»ÁúÀûÀÎ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡

»ç¹°À» °ü¸®ÇÏ´Â ¼ö°íÀÇ ´ë°¡·Î¼­ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö·Î ¼ö¿ëµÈ ±ÇÀ§¶ó´Â ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀÇ °³³äÀº ÇÇÁö¹èÀÚµé, Áï ¹ÎÁߵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ Áö¹è¶ó´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¿Í ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¸£´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ³» ÅÚ¸®ºñÀüÀ» ¼ö¸®ÇÑ´Ù°í Çغ¸ÀÚ: ¼ö¸®Àü¹® ±â¼úÀÚÀÇ ±ÇÀ§´Â ¼ö¸®ÀÛ¾÷À» ¸¶ÃÆÀ» ¶§ »ç¶óÁø´Ù. ³»°¡ ±× ±â¼úÀÚÀÇ ¹æÀ» ÆäÀÎÆ® Ä¥Çϱâ·Î ÇßÀ» ¶§µµ °°Àº °ÍÀÌ Àû¿ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹°¹°±³È¯°ú ³ëµ¿·Â »óÈ£±³È¯Àº Á¦ÇÑÀûÀÌ°í, °³ÀÎÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ Çùµ¿ °ü°è·Î¼­, ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î µ¶À縦 ¸ô¾Æ³»±â ¸¶·ÃÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ¿Í´Â ¹Ý´ë·Î, ±¹°¡´Â ¸ðµç °÷¿¡ ħÅõÇÑ ±â±¸·Î¼­, ¿ä¶÷¿¡¼­ ¹«´ý±îÁö ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀ» Áö¹èÇϸç, ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ý·ÉÀ» µû¸£Áö ¾ÊÀ» °æ¿ì ¿ì¸®´Â ±«·ÓÈûÀ» ¹Þ°í, ±Ç¸®ÀÇ Á¦ÇÑÀ» ´çÇϸç, °¨¿Á¿¡ óÇØÁö±âµµ ÇÏ°í, ½ÉÁö¾î´Â »çÇüÀ» ´çÇϱâ±îÁö ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

»ç¶÷µéÀº ±×·ìÀ̳ª ¸ðÀÓ¿¡¼­, ½ÉÁö¾î ÀڽŠ½º½º·ÎÀÇ Á¶Á÷¿¡¼­µµ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô Å»ÅðÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿ì¸®µéÀº ±¹°¡ÀÇ »ç¹ýÁ¦µµ·ÎºÎÅÍ´Â Àý´ë·Î Å»ÃâÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¸¸¾à ¿ì¸®°¡ ¸¶Ä§³» ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ±¹°¡¸¦ Å»ÃâÇؼ­ ´Ù¸¥ °÷À¸·Î °¬´õ¶óµµ, ¿ì¸®´Â ±× Áï½Ã »õ·Î¿î ±¹°¡ÀÇ »ç¹ýÁ¦µµ¿¡ °®È÷°Ô µÈ´Ù.

±¹°¡¸¦ ±³Ã¼Çϱâ

¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀÇ °³³äÀº ¾Æ³ªÅ°½ºÆ®µéÀÌ ÀÎÀ§ÀûÀ¸·Î ²Ù¸ç³½ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌ¹Ì Çö½Ç¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¡°í ÀÖ´Â °æÇâµé¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀÇ »çȸÇÐÀ» ü°èÈ­½ÃÄ×´ø Å©·ÎÆÌŲÀº ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î »çȸ¶ó´Â ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀÇ °³³äÀº "ÇöÀçÀÇ »îÀ» °üÂûÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¾ò¾îÁø ÀÚ·áµé"¿¡ ±Ù°Å¸¦ µÐ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀÇ À̷а¡µéÀº »õ·Î¿î »çȸ¸¦ °Ç¼³Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ±¸»çȸÀÇ À¯¿ëÇÑ ¸ðµç Á¶Á÷üµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇϴµ¥ À־ ¸Å¿ì ½ÅÁßÇÏ¿´´Ù. "»õ·Î¿î »çȸÀÇ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀº ¹«³ÊÁö°í ÀÖ´Â ºÎ¸£Á¶¾ÆÁö »çȸ¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¹Ì ¹ßÀüµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù" (¸¼½º) ´Â °ÍÀº »çȸÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ¸ðµç °æÇâµé¿¡ °øÅëµÈ ±âÃÊÀûÀÎ ¿ø¸®ÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ³ªÅ°½ºÆ® ÀÛ°¡ÀÎ Äݸ° ¿öµå(Colin Ward)´Â ÀÌ Á¡À» ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¿ä¾àÇÑ´Ù: "¸¸¾à ´ç½ÅÀÌ »õ·Î¿î »çȸ¸¦ °Ç¼³ÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù¸é, ´ç½ÅÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ¸ðµç ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Àç·áµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ¼ÀÀÌÁÒ."

¾Æ³ªÅ°½ºÆ®µéÀº ±¹°¡¸¦ È¥µ·À¸·Î½á°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »óÈ£ºÎÁ¶¿Í Çùµ¿À» ÅëÇÑ °øÅëÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¿Í ÀÚ±â-Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇß´ø ¸ðµç °÷¿¡¼­ ŵ¿Çß´ø ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°í, ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÎ ÇüÅÂÀÇ Á¶Á÷À¸·Î½á ±³Ã¼Çϱ⸦ ¿­¸ÁÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÀηùÀÇ ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÑ »óÈ£ÀÇÁ¸°ú È­ÇÕÀ» ÇâÇÑ ÀÇÁö¿¡¼­ ¼Ú±¸ÃÄ ³ª¿Â´Ù. ÀÌ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ ÇüÅ´ ¿¬¹æÁ¦(federalism) ÀÌ´Ù. Áú¼­°¡ ¾ø´Â »çȸ (´Ü¾î "»çȸ"°¡ ÇÔÃàÇϵíÀÌ)´Â »ý°¢ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ Áú¼­´Â ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ µ¶Á¡Àº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¿¬¹æÁ¦´Â ±¹°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ »çȸÀÇ °­Å»º¸´Ù ¼±ÇàÇÑ ÇüÅÂÀÇ Áú¼­À̸ç, ±¹°¡º¸´Ù ¿À·¡ »ì¾Æ³²À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¾ÖÃʺÎÅÍ ¿¬¹æÁ¦Àû Ư¡À» °®Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø ´ÜÀÏÇÑ ÇüÅÂÀÇ Á¶Á÷Àº, ±¹°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °­Å»´çÇϱâ ÀÌÀü¿¡´Â, °ÅÀÇ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Áö±Ý¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö »çȸÀû »îÀÇ ÃÑü¸¦ Æ÷°ýÇÏ´Â Áö¿ªÀÇ, Áö¹æÀÇ, Àϱ¹ÀÇ ±×¸®°í ¼¼°èÀûÀÎ ¿¬ÇÕµé°ú ¿¬¸ÍµéÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ³Ý¿öÅ©¸¦ ³ª¿­ÇÏ´Â °Í¸¸À¸·Îµµ ÃæºÐÈ÷ Â÷°í ³ÑÄ¥ Áö°æÀÌ´Ù. ¿¬ÇÕÀû ÇüÅÂÀÇ Á¶Á÷Àº ¸ðµç ±×·ìµé°ú ¿¬ÇÕµéÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­ ÀÚÄ¡(í»ö½, autonomy)¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇϸ鼭 ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ» ³ÐÇô°¡´Â °¡¿îµ¥ ÅëÀÏü(unity)¿Í µ¿µîÇÔ(coordination)ÀÌ ÁÙ À̵æÀ» ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¾òµµ·Ï ÇØÁØ´Ù. ¿¬¹æÁÖÀÇ - ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î Çù¾à°ú µ¿ÀǾî - ´Â ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ Á¶Á÷ÀÌ´Ù. ÇÁ·çµ¿ÀÌ ¸»ÇßµíÀÌ, "¿¬¹æÁÖÀǾøÀÌ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ¸»ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¸»ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù."

Çõ¸í ÀÌÈÄ

 »çȸ´Â ¼­·Î ¿¬°áµÈ Çùµ¿³ëµ¿ÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ ¸Á(³Ý¿öÅ©)À̸ç, ±í¼÷ÀÌ »Ñ¸®¹ÚÇô È°µ¿ÁßÀÎ ¸ðµç »çȸÁ¦µµµéÀº Àηù´Â ³»ºÎÀû ¿¬ÇÕ¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ´Â Á¸Àç¶ó´Â °£´ÜÇÑ »ç½Ç ¶§¹®¿¡ ¾î¶² ÇüÅÂ·Îµç °è¼ÓÇÏ¿© ±â´ÉÀ» À¯ÁöÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áö±Ý²¯ ¾î´À ´©±¸µµ ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ¹®Á¦»ïÀº ÀûÀº ¾ø´Ù. ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº »çȸ¿¡ ÆÛÁ®ÀÖ´Â ±ÇÀ§Àû Á¦µµµé°ú Á¶Á÷µéÀÇ ±× ÀÚü ³»ºÎ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀǷκÎÅÍÀÇ ÇعæÀÌ´Ù. ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ, ±×°ÍµéÀº ¹ÎÁßÀÇ Ã¢Á¶Àû ¿ª·®¼Ó¿¡ »ì¾ÆÀÖ´Â Çõ¸íÀû Àǽİú ÀڽۨÀ¸·Î ³ì¾Æ µé¾î°¡¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀÇ »çȸÇÐ ÀÛ¾÷À» ÁøÇàÇϸ鼭 Å©·ÎÆÌŲÀº ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÅëÁ¦¶ó´Â »õ·Î¿î ¿µ¿ªÀÇ »çȸ°úÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ´ëºÎºÐ ¹«½ÃÇØ¿Â À¯ÀÍÇÑ ¿¬±¸ ¿µ¿ªÀ» °³Ã´ÇØ¿Ô´Ù.

¾Æ³ªÅ°½ºÆ®µéÀº ÁÖ·Î Çõ¸í ÀÌÈÄÀÇ ¾î´À ³ª¶óµçÁö Á÷¸éÇÏ°ÔµÉ »çȸÀû º¯È­ÀÇ Á÷Á¢Àû ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» ±â¿ï¿´¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ±× ¾Æ³ªÅ°½ºÆ® ÀÛ°¡ÀÌÀÚ Çõ¸í°¡ÀÎ ¿¡¸®ÄÚ ¸»¶óÅ×½ºÅ¸°¡ "ÀçÁ¶Á÷È­¿Í ÀÌÇàÀÇ ±â°£" À̶ó°í ºÒ·¶´ø ±â°£¿¡ ´ëºÎºÐ µµÃâµÇ´Â ¹®Á¦Á¡µéÀ» È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¹æÆíµéÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇϴµ¥ ¾Æ³ªÅ°½ºÆ®µéÀÌ ³ë·ÂÀ» ±â¿ï¿´±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦µéÀº ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀÌ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÌÇصǰí, ´ëÁßµéÀÌ °á±¹ ¹«Á¤ºÎ-°ø»êÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ¼³µæ´çÇÏ¿© Çå½ÅÇÏ°Ô µÉ ¸Õ ¹Ì·¡ -¾Æ¸¶ ¹é³â ȤÀº ´õ ¸Õ- ±îÁö ÇØ°áÀ» ¹Ì·é´Ù°í Çؼ­ ¿ì¸®°¡ ÇÇÇØ°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ´õ¿í Çö½ÇÀûÀÌ°í ´õ¿í ÆÄ·ÅÄ¡ÇÑ ±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ±Ç·ÂÀ» Àâ°í Àִµ¥, ¸¸¾à ¿ì¸®µéÀÌ "¾µ¸ð¾ø°í ¹«±â·ÂÇÑ Åõ´úÀ̵é"ÀÌ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á¸é ¿ì¸®µé ¾Æ³ªÅ°½ºÆ®µéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ½º½º·Î ÇØ°áÃ¥À» °®°í ÀÖ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ³ªÅ°µç ¾Æ³ªÅ°°¡ ¾Æ´Ïµç, ¹ÎÁßµéÀº ¸Ô¾î¾ß ÇÏ°í »ýÇÊÇ°À» °ø±Þ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. µµ½Ã¿¡´Â ½Ä·®ÀÌ °ø±ÞµÇ¾î¾ß Çϸç, ÀÀ±Þ¼­ºñ½º´Â ÁߴܵǾ´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù. ¾Æ¹«¸® ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦´ë·Î ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ¹ÎÁßµéÀº Á»´õ Á¦´ë·Î Á¶Á÷µÇ±â Àü¿¡´Â ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÀÌÇØ°ü°è¿¡ ÀÇ°ÅÇÏ¿© ±×·± ¼­ºñ½ºµéÀÌ ÁߴܵǴ °ÍÀ» ¿ë³³ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÇÏ·ç¾Æħ¿¡ ´Þ¼ºµÉ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù.

±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ±Ô¸ð·Î ¾Æ³ªÅ°½ºÆ®-Äڹ´ϽºÆ® »çȸ¸¦ Á¶Á÷È­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¹°ÁúÀû Á¶°ÇÀÌ Çã¶ôÇÏ°í ´ëÁßµéÀÌ ¾ò°ÔµÉ À̵æÀ» ±ú´Ý°Ô µÊ¿¡ µû¶ó, ±×¸®°í ´ëÁßµéÀÌ Á¡Â÷ ±×µéÀÇ »î¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±Ùº»Àû (radical) º¯È­¿¡ ½É¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀûÀÀÇØ°¨¿¡ µû¶ó ¼­¼­È÷ ´Þ¼ºµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°í ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÎ °ø»êÁÖÀÇ (¾Æ³ªÅ°Áò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸»¶óÅ×½ºÅ¸ÀÇ À¯ÀǾî)´Â °­Á¦µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¹Ç·Î, ¸»¶óÅ×½ºÅ¸´Â ŸÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÂøÃë°¡ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â Á¶°ÇÀ» ÀüÁ¦·Î ´Ù¾çÇÑ °æÁ¦Àû Çüŵé - ÁýÇÕÁÖÀÇÀû, »óÈ£ÁÖÀÇÀû, °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀû - ÀÇ °øÁ¸ÀÇ Çʿ伺À» °­Á¶Çß´Ù. ¸»¶óÅ×½ºÅ¸´Â ¼º°øÀûÀÎ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁöÀû ÁýÇÕµé (libertarian collectives)ÀÇ ±×·² µíÇÑ ½Ç·ÊµéÀº

´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÁýÇÕÁÖÀÇÀÇ ±Ëµµ·Î ²ø¾îµéÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù...³» °æ¿ì¿£, ³­ »çȸÀû ¹®Á¦¿¡ "´Ü ÇÑ°¡Áö" Çش丸 ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹ÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. »çȸÀÇ Á¸Àç°¡ ½Ã°£°ú °ø°£¿¡ µû¶ó ´Þ¶óÁö´Â °Í°ú °°Àº ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¼öõ°¡ÁöÀÇ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥, °è¼Ó º¯È­ÇÏ´Â ÇØ´äµéÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. [Errico Malatesta, Life and Ideas, edited by Vernon Richards, Freedom Press, London, pp. 36, 100, 99, 103-4, 101, 151, 159]

"¼ø¼öÇÑ" ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀº À¯ÅäÇǾÆÀÌ´Ù.

"Pure" anarchism is defined by the anarchist writer George Woodcock as "the loose and flexible affinity group which needs no formal organization and carries on anarchist propaganda through an invisible network of personal contacts and intellectual influences." Woodcock argues that "pure" anarchism is incompatible with mass movements like anarcho-syndicalism because they need

stable organizations precisely because it moves in a world that is only partially governed by anarchist ideals . . . and make compromises with day-to-day situations . . . [anarcho-syndicalism] has to maintain the allegiance of masses of [workers] who are only remotely conscious of the final aim of anarchism. [Anarchism, pp. 273-4]

If these statements are true, anarchism is a Utopia, because there will never be a time when everybody will be a "pure" anarchist and because humanity will forever have to make "compromises with the day-to-day situation." This is not to say that anarchism excludes "affinity groups." Indeed, it is precisely because the infinite variety of voluntary organizations which are formed, dissolved and reconstructed according to the fluctuating whims and fancies of individual adherents reflect individual preferences that they constitute the indispensable condition for the free society.

But the anarchists insist that production, distribution, communication exchange and the other indispensable which must be coordinated on a world-wide scale in our modern interdependent world must be supplied without fail by "stable" organizations and cannot be left to the fluctuating whims of individuals. They are social obligations which every able-bodied individual must fulfill if he or she expects to enjoy the benefits of collective labor. It should be axiomatic that such indispensable "stable" associations, anarchistically organized, are not a deviation. They constitute the essence of anarchism as a viable social order.

ÀÚÀ¯·Î ÇâÇÏ´Â ±æÀ» ±×·Áº¸±â

¾Æ³ªÅ°½ºÆ®µéÀº "Çõ¸íÀÌ ¼º°øÇÑ ´ÙÀ½³¯" Ÿ°í³­ ¼±ÀÔ°ß°ú ¿À·¡µÈ ½À°üÀ» ¸¶Ä¡ ±âÀûó·³ ½Ï Áö¿ö¹ö¸± ¿Ïº®ÇÑ °³Àεé·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ ¿Ïº®ÇÑ »çȸ°¡ ³õ¿©Áö±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶ö Á¤µµ·Î ¹Ì¼÷ÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¸Õ Àå·¡¿¡ õ±¹ÀÌ Áö±¸»ó¿¡ µåµð¾î ¼ºÃëµÇ°Ô µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ »çȸ°¡ ¾î¶² ¸ð½ÀÀ» ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ»±î ±Ã±ÝÇØ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®°¡ °í¹ÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´Ù¸§ ¾Æ´Ñ Àηù Áøº¸ÀÇ ¹æÇâÀÌ´Ù. "¼ø¼öÇÑ" ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀ̶õ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. »çȸÀû »îÀÇ Çö½Ç¿¡ ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀû ¿ø¸®µéÀ» Àû¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀº ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀû ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î »çȸ¸¦ ÃßÁøÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

»ìÆ캸¾ÒµíÀÌ, ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀº »çȸÀÇ Á¶Á÷È­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ» ¸¸ÇÏ°í, ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ °¡À̵åÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù¸é ¾Æ³ªÅ°ÁòÀº »ýµ¿ÇÏ´Â ÈûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ À¯ÅäÇǾÆÀû ¸ù»ó¿¡ ±×Ä¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

Korean Anarchist Network