¿äÁò ÈĹè¿Í °°ÀÌ ¸·½º ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê(Max Stirner)ÀÇ The Ego and Its
Own(1844³âÀÛ)À» Àаí ÀÖ´Ù.Àдٺ¸´Ï ÀÌ·± µ¶Ã¢ÀûÀÎ »ç»ó°¡¸¦ ÁøÀÛ¿¡ Á¦´ë·Î °øºÎÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø°¡¶ó´Â ÈÄȸ°¡
µç´Ù.´Ïüº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ¾Õ¼ µ¶Ã¢ÀûÀÎ »çÀ¯ÀÇ Æ²À» ¸¸µé¾ú°í, Áß¼¼¸¦ ¹þ¾î³ªÁö ¸øÇÑ ±Ù´ëÀÇ »çÀ¯¸¦ ºñÆÇÇß´ø
»ç»ó°¡, ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê.Áß°£±îÁö ÀÐÀ¸¸ç °¨ÅºÀ» ±ÝÄ¡ ¸øÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù.¾Æ·¡´Â ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê°¡ Á¤Ä¡Àû
ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ(political liberalism)À» ºñÆÇÇÏ´Â
³»¿ëÀÌ´Ù.
-----------------
¾Õ¼ ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â °è±ÞÁ¦µµ°¡ »ç»óÀÇ Áö¹è¿ä,
Á¤½ÅÀÇ Áö¹è¶ó°í ¾ê±âÇÑ ¹Ù ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Áß¼¼¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±Ù´ë¿¡µµ À̾îÁ® ³»·Á¿Â Áö¹èÀÌ°í Çõ¸íµµ ¼¿À» ¹Ù²Ù¾úÀ» »Ó ±× Áö¹è ÀÚü¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÏÁö
¸øÇß´Ù(°³ÇõÀÌ ÀÖÀ» »Ó ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Çõ¸íÀº ¾ø¾ú´Ù). °í´ëÀÎÀÇ ÁöÇý°¡ ¸ðµÎ ¼¼°è¿¡ °üÇÑ Çй®À̶ó¸é ±Ù´ëÀÎÀÇ ÁöÇý´Â ¸ðµÎ ½Å¿¡ °üÇÑ Çй®ÀÌ´Ù.
ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ¼Áò°ú ±Ù´ëÀû »çÀ¯´Â ³»ÀûÀÎ Á¾¼ÓÀ» ´õ ½ÉȽÃÄ×À» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± °üÁ¡¿¡¼ ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀǵµ ¹Ù¶óº»´Ù. ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê¿¡ µû¸£¸é,
¡°ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ´Â ´ÜÁö ±ò°³ À§¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ °³³äÀ» °¡Á®¿ÔÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ½Å¼º ´ë½Å¿¡ Àΰ£À», ±³È¸Á¶Á÷ ´ë½Å¿¡ Á¤Ä¡¸¦, ±³¸® ´ë½Å¿¡ ¡®°úÇС¯À», ¡®Á¶ÀâÇÑ
µµ±×¸¶¡¯¿Í °¡¸£Ä§ ´ë½Å¿¡ Çö½ÇÀÇ °³³ä°ú ¿µ¿øÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢(eteranl laws)À».¡±(88ÂÊ)
»ç¶÷Àº ´©±¸µç Àΰ£À¸·Î ´ë¿ì¹Þ±æ ¿øÇÑ´Ù.
±×·¡¼ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ°Ç ¿ì¸®¸¦ Àΰ£À¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ°í ºñÀΰ£ÀûÀ¸·Î ´ë¿ì¹ÞÀ» À§Çè¿¡¼ º¸È£ÇØÁÖ´Â »ç¶÷À̶ó¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ±×¸¦ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ º¸È£ÀÚ¿ä ¼öÈ£ÀÚ·Î ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸°Ô Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¿ì¸®´Â ¼·Î ´Ü°áÇÏ°í ±×·± ´Ü°áÀÇ ÇüÅ°¡ °øµ¿Ã¼¿Í ±¹°¡·Î ³ªÅ¸³´Ù.
±×·±µ¥ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ´Â ¹ÎÁ·(nation)À̳ª
±¹°¡(state)ÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π´Ü°áÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ¿ì¸®°¡ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àΰ£À̶ó°í º»´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ°¡ ÁöÇâÇÏ´Â »îÀº Àΰ£ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½Ã¹ÎÀ¸·Î »ç´Â
»îÀ̶ó°í ¾ê±âÇÑ´Ù. ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀ̳ª °í¸³À» ¹ö¸®°í »çÀûÀÎ »îÀ» °øÀûÀÎ »îÀ» ´©¸± ¶§ ÂüµÈ Àΰ£(true man)ÀÌ µÈ´Ù°í ¾ê±âÇÑ´Ù.
°ú°Å¿¡ ÁÁÀº ±âµ¶±³ÀÎÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇßµíÀÌ, ±Ù´ë´Â ÁÁÀº ½Ã¹ÎÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÑ´Ù. ¡°±¹°¡´Â ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°í ÆòµîÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ °øµ¿Ã¼°¡ µÇ°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷Àº ¡®ÀüüÀÇ º¹Áö¡¯¿¡
½º½º·Î Çå½ÅÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.¡±(90ÂÊ) ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â À̸¦ ¼¼¼Ó½Å(mundane god)ÀÇ ÃâÇöÀÌ¶ó º»´Ù.
ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸íÀº
¼ÒÀ¯(property)¶ó´Â °·ÄÇÑ Àç·á·Î ºÒÀÌ ºÙ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ±×µéÀº µ·¿¡ °·ÄÇÑ ¾ÖÂøÀ» º¸ÀÌ°í ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ°í ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ°¡ µÇ·Á ÇÑ´Ù.
½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â ÀÌ °úÁ¤¿¡¼µµ »õ·Î¿î ÀÌ»óÀÌ ÃâÇöÇß´Ù°í º»´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¹ÎÁ·, ¡®ÀιÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¡¯, ¡®ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ÀιΡ¯À̶ó´Â ÀÌ»óÀÌ´Ù.
Æò¹Îµé(commonalty)Àº ±âµæ±Ç °èÃþÀÇ ±Ç¸®¸¦ ÆóÁöÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¡®¹ÎÁ·¡¯À̶ó ºÎ¸£¸ç Ư±ÇÀ» ¡®±Ç¸®¡¯·Î Àüȯ½ÃÄ×´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ »õ·Î¿î
±ºÁÖÁ¦ÀÇ ÃâÇöÀ» °¡Á®¿Ô°í Á¦ÇÑµÈ ±ºÁÖÁ¦¸¦ Àý´ë ±ºÁÖÁ¦(absolute monarchy)·Î Àüȯ½ÃÄ×´Ù. ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö°¡ ±× °úÁ¤À»
ÁÖµµÇß´Ù.
±×·¯¸é¼ ±¹°¡´Â ±Ç¸®¸¦ ´©·Á¾ßÇÒ ¼ö¸¹Àº
±ºÁßÀ» °¡Á³´Ù(Now the state has an innumerable multitude of rights to give away). ±×°ÍÀÌ
¹Ù·Î ±¹°¡ÀÇ ±Ç¸®ÀÌÀÚ ¡®Á¤Ä¡Àû¡¯ ±Ç¸®ÀÌ´Ù. ´õ±¸³ª ±¹°¡´Â ±× ±Ç¸®¿¡ Á¶°ÇÀ» ºÙ¿© À§ÀÓµÈ ±Ç¸®¿¡¼ ÆÄ»ýµÇ´Â Àǹ«¸¦ ÃæÁ·½Ãų °æ¿ì¿¡ ±Ç¸®¸¦
ÀÎÁ¤Çß´Ù. ¸ðµç Àΰ£Àº ÆòµîÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸í·ÉÀ» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
±× Àü¿¡´Â ´Ù¼öÀÇ ÀÛÀº
±ºÁÖ±¹µé(little monarchies)ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú°í °³ÀεéÀº ÀÌ·± ÀÛÀº »çȸ¿¡ ¼ÓÇØÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Çõ¸íÀº ÀÌ·± ÀÛÀº ±ºÁÖ±¹µéÀ» ¹«³Ê¶ß·ÈÀ» »ÓÀÌ°í,
Á¦3°è±ÞÀº Àڱ⠿ÜÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ °è±ÞÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼ À¯ÀÏÇÑ °è±ÞÀ» ¸¸µé±â À§ÇØ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¹ÎÁ·À¸·Î ¼±¾ðÇÑ´Ù. ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â À̸¦ ½Å°ú Á÷Á¢ ¿¬°áµÇ·Á´Â
ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ®¿Í ºñ±³Çϸç Á¤Ä¡Àû ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ®¶ó ºÎ¸¥´Ù.
ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö´Â ±¹°¡¶ó´Â ¿µÈ¥¿¡
ºÀ»çÇÏ´Â ÁÁÀº ½Ã¹ÎÀÌ´Ù. ¼øÁ¾ÀûÀÎ ½Ã¹ÎÀÌ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÎÀ̶ó´Â »ý°¢À̾߸»·Î ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁöÀÇ ¶æÀ» ´ëº¯ÇÑ´Ù. Ãæ½ÇÇÑ ÇÏÀκ¸´Ù ´õ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ½Ã¹ÎÀº ÁÁÀº ½Ã¹ÎÀ»
±¹°¡ÀÇ ÇÏÀÎÀ¸·Î º»´Ù. ±×·± Á¡¿¡¼ Çõ¸íÀº ¿À·§µ¿¾È Áö¼ÓµÈ Á¤½ÅÀÇ Áö¹è, ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ Áö¹è¸¦ ¹«³Ê¶ß¸®Áö ¸øÇß°í µµ´ö(moral spirit)À̳ª
µµ´öÀÇ ¿µÇâ·Â(moral influence)À» ¾ø¾ÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×°ÍÀ» ´Ù¸¥ ÇüÅÂÀÇ °³³äÀ¸·Î ´ëüÇßÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦
¸ð½ÀÀÌ¶ó º»´Ù. ¡®ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ Áú¼¡¯, ¡®ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ¹ý¡¯À» ¾ê±âÇÏÁö¸¸ ±× ƲÀº °ú°Å¸¦ ¹Ýº¹ÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚ´Â ½Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
Áö¹èÀÚÀÎ À̼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¤½Åµµ(zealots)ÀÌ´Ù.
Á¤Ä¡Àû ÀÚÀ¯(political
liberty)´Â ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ¼ÁòÀÇ µÎ ¹ø° ´Ü°èÀÏ »ÓÀÌ°í ¡®Á¾±³ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¡¯¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÏ´Ù. Á¾±³¸¦ °¡Áø »ç¶÷¸¸ÀÌ Á¾±³ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ´©¸± ¼ö ÀÖ°í Á¾±³ÀÇ
ÀÚÀ¯°¡ Á¾±³ÀÇ »ç¶óÁüÀ» ¶æÇÏÁö ¾ÊµíÀÌ Á¤Ä¡Àû ÀÚÀ¯ ¿ª½Ã ±¹°¡ ³»¿¡¼ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÌ´Ù. ¡°Political liberty means that the
polis, the state, is free.¡¦State, religion, conscience, these despots, make me a
slave, and their liberty is my slavery¡±(97ÂÊ). ¿©±â¼ ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â ±âµ¶±³¿Í ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÇ °øÅëÁ¡À» ¶Ç Çϳª
ÁöÀûÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ¸ñÀûÀÌ ¼ö´ÜÀ» ½Å¼ºÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù(the end hallows the means)´Â
»ý°¢ÀÌ´Ù.
°³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯(individual
liberty) ¿ª½Ã »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹ýÀ» µû¸¥´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áï ÀÚÀÇÀûÀÎ ÀÇÁö¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ª´Â °ÍÀÌ°í ¹ýÀûÀÎ
±ºÁÖ(constitutional prince)¿¡ Á¾¼ÓµÈ´Ù. ¡°Only liberal matter, only lawful
matter¡±(98ÂÊ)
½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â ÀÌ·± °úÁ¤ÀÌ °á±¹ ±¹°¡¸¸À»
À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±ºÁÖ·Î ½ÂÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î °æÀïµµ ±¹°¡¸¦ ÀüÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù. °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¾î´À ´©±¸µµ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±ºÁÖ°¡ µÇÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î
¾ÆÀ̵鵵 ºÎ¸ð°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±¹°¡¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù.
¡°If the revolution
ended in a reaction, this only showed what the revolution really was.¡±(99ÂÊ)
½ÅÁßÇÔ(discretion)À̾߸»·Î ¹ÝÇõ¸íÀÇ ½ÅÈ£·Î ÇѰ踦 Á¤Çϴµ¥, ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚ´Â ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ½ÅÁßÇÔÀ» ¿øÇÑ´Ù. ¡°The revolution was
not directed against the established, but against the establishment in question,
against a particular establishment. It did away with this ruler, not with the
ruler.¡±(100ÂÊ) ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â ÀÌ·± °ÍÀÌ °á±¹ °³·®À¸·Î À̾îÁø´Ù°í º»´Ù. ³°Àº ÀÚ¸®¿¡ »õ·Î¿î Áö¹èÀÚ¸¦ ¼¼¿ì´Â. Çõ¸íÀ» ÅëÇØ ¼¼°è¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù´Â
°ÍÀº °³ÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀιÎÀÌ°í ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ°í ÁֱDZ¹°¡ÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¡°A fancied I, an idea, such as the nation is,
appears acting; the individuals contribute themselves as tools of this idea, and
act as 'citizens'. The commonalty has its power, and at the same time its
limits, in the fundamental law of the state.¡±(100ÂÊ) ¡°People keep carefully
within the limits of their authorization.¡¦I am a¡ªlaw-abiding
citizen!¡±(101ÂÊ)
±×·±µ¥ ÀÌ ¼¼°è¿¡µµ ¼¼°èÀÇ ºØ±«¿¡¼ ¾Æ¹«
°Íµµ ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸®Áö ¾ÊÀ» À§ÇèÇÑ °è±ÞÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸´Ï ±×µéÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾ÆÆ®¿Í ºó¹ÎÀÌ´Ù. Æò¹ÎµéÀº ÀÚ±â ÁÖº¯ÀÇ ºó°ïÀ» ½ÅÀÇ Çö¸íÇÑ ¶æ¿¡ µû¶ó ºÒÆòµîÇÏ°Ô
³ª´²Áø Çà¿îÀÌ¶ó ¿©±â°í °ü½ÉÀ» µÎÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ºó°ïÀÌ ³¯¶Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀ» °¡µÎ°í ¹Ð¾î³»·Á ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é¼µµ Ãâ»ýÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³ëµ¿ÀÌ ¼ÒÀ¯¸¦
º¸ÀåÇÑ´Ù°í °Á¶ÇÑ´Ù.
ÀÌ·± Á¡¿¡¼µµ ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â °ú°Å¿ÍÀÇ À¯»ç¼ºÀ»
¹ß°ßÇÑ´Ù. °íÅëÀ» °ÞÀ¸¸ç ÁöÇý¸¦ ±ú¿ìÄ£´Ù´Â Áß¼¼ÀÇ ¡®Áø¸®¡¯¸¦ Æò½ÅµµµéÀÌ ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÇµíÀÌ, ³ëµ¿Àڵ鵵 µ·ÀÇ ¡®Áø¸®¡¯¸¦ ¹ÏÁö¸¸ ±×·² ¼ö ¾øÀ½À»
±ú¿ìÄ£´Ù. ¡°¡®Money governs the world¡¯ is the keynote of the civic epoch.¡±(103ÂÊ)
¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚµéÀÇ Áö¹è´Â ±¹°¡°¡ ±× ºó°ïÇÑ
¡®½Å¹Î¡¯µéÀ» ÈƷýÃÅ°°í ±×µéÀÌ µû¸£´Â ¸¸Å µ·(ºÀ±Þ)À» ÁÖ°í, Æò¹ÎÀº ±¹°¡ÀÇ º¸È£¿Í ÀÚºñ¸¦ ÅëÇØ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ¸¸ÀÏ ±¹°¡±Ç·ÂÀÌ ºØ±«µÇ¸é
Æò¹ÎÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÀÒÀ»±î µÎ·Á¿öÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÒÀ» °Ô ¾ø´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀº ¾î¶³±î? °¡Áø °Ô ¾ø´Â ÀÚ(non-possessor)´Â °¡Áø
ÀÚ¸¦ º¸È£ÇÏ°í °¡Áø ÀÚ¿¡°Ô Ư±ÇÀ» ÁÖ´Â ±Ç·ÂÀ¸·Î ±¹°¡¸¦ º¼ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÁÁÀº ½Ã¹ÎÀº °¡Áø ÀÚÀÌ°í, °æÂûÀº ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡°Ô ÀûÀº ÀÓ±ÝÀ» ÁÖ±â À§ÇØ ±â²¨ÀÌ
¸¹Àº ¼¼±ÝÀ» ³»´Â ÁÁÀº ½Ã¹ÎÀ» À§ÇØ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù('good citizens' gladly pay high tax-rates to it in
order to pay so much lower rates to their labourers).
Á¤Ä¡Àû ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀǸ¦ ³¡¸Î´Â ½´Æ¼¸£³ÊÀÇ
¸»Àº ¸¼½ºº¸´Ù ´õ ºü¸¥ 1844³â¿¡ À§¼±ÀûÀÎ ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾Æ »çȸÀÇ ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ¿¹°íÇÑ´Ù.
The labourers have the
most enormous power in their hands, and, if they once became thoroughly
conscious of it and used it, nothing would withstand them; they would only have
to stop labour, regard the product of labour as theirs, and enjoy it. This is
the sense of the labour disturbances which show themselves here and there. The
state rests on the¡ªslavery of labour. If labour becomes free, the state is
lost(105ÂÊ)
½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â ¼¼¼Ó¼¼°è¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Á³´ø
°í´ë¿Í Á¤½Å¿¡ »ç·ÎÀâÈù Áß¼¼¿Í ±Ù´ë¸¦ ¾ê±âÇÏ¸é¼ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¿¡°íÀ̽ºÆ®°¡ µîÀåÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â »õ·Î¿î Àΰ£ÀÇ Åº»ýÀ» ±â´ëÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀϱî? ±×·¸´Ù¸é ±× Àΰ£Àº ´©±¸Àϱî? ´Ïü°¡ ¸»ÇÑ ÃÊÀΰú ´Ù¸¥ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Á¸ÀçÀϱî?